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1 powder-works
/'paudə'mil/ Cách viết khác: (powder-works) /'paudə/ -works) /'paudə/ * danh từ - xưởng thuốc súng -
2 powder works
nPROD fábrica de pólvoras f, molino de pólvora m -
3 powder
12 nCHEM, P&R polvo m -
4 powder-mill
/'paudə'mil/ Cách viết khác: (powder-works) /'paudə/ -works) /'paudə/ * danh từ - xưởng thuốc súng -
5 barutana
f powder-magazine, powder-room, powder-chamber; (tvornica) powder-works pl, powder-mill -
6 jumbo
1. noun(jet) Jumbo, der2. adjectivejumbo[-sized] — riesig; Riesen- (ugs.)
* * *jum·bo[ˈʤʌmbəʊ, AM -boʊ]washing powder works out cheaper if you buy the \jumbo size Waschpulver kommt billiger, wenn man die Großpackung kauft* * *['dZʌmbəʊ]n* * *jumbo [ˈdʒʌmbəʊ]A pl -bos s1. Koloss m (Sache oder Person)2. FLUG Jumbo m (Jumbojet)B adj riesig, Riesen…* * *1. noun(jet) Jumbo, der2. adjectivejumbo[-sized] — riesig; Riesen- (ugs.)
* * *n.Jumbo -s m. -
7 jumbo
Riesen-; -
8 пороховая бочка
powder keg; smth. threatening smb.'s safetyРукописи не были изданы. Их купили просто для того, чтобы обезоружить этого человека. Голландские купцы и власти не могли чувствовать себя спокойно, пока эта пороховая бочка была не у них в руках. (К. Паустовский, Золотая роза) — But his books never saw light. Thus the offer to publish his works was merely a trick on the part of those in power to curb this staunch rebel whose pen made both the Dutch merchants and the government officials tremble for their safety.
Русско-английский фразеологический словарь > пороховая бочка
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9 барутен
gunpowder (attr.), powder (attr.)барутен завод, барутна фабрика a gunpowder works, a powder-millбарутен погреб a powder-magazine* * *бару̀тен,прил., -на, -но, -ни gunpowder (attr.), powder (attr.); \барутенен завод (\барутенна фабрика) gunpowder works, powder-mill; \барутенен погреб powder-magazine (и прен.).* * *1. gunpowder (attr.), powder (attr.) 2. БАРУТЕН завод, барутна фабрика a gunpowder works, a powder-mill 3. БАРУТЕН погреб а powder-magazine -
10 pólvora
f.gunpowder, powder.* * *1 gunpowder\correr como la pólvora familiar to spread like wildfire* * *noun f.* * *SF1) (=explosivo) gunpowder2) (=fuegos artificiales) fireworks pl3) (=mal genio) bad temper, crossness4) (=viveza) life, liveliness* * *a) ( explosivo) gunpowderarder como la pólvora — to go up like a torch
b) ( fuegos artificiales) fireworks (pl)* * *= gunpowder, powder.Ex. Cai's works, many of which prominently feature gunpowder, emphasize the cosmic laws of opposition between creation and destruction, yin and yang.Ex. If Anderson was short of food, he was also short of powder and fuses.----* barril de pólvora = tinder box, powder keg.* como la pólvora = like wildfire.* como un reguero de pólvora = like wildfire.* extenderse como un reguero de pólvora = spread like + wildfire.* propagarse como un reguero de pólvora = spread like + wildfire.* * *a) ( explosivo) gunpowderarder como la pólvora — to go up like a torch
b) ( fuegos artificiales) fireworks (pl)* * *= gunpowder, powder.Ex: Cai's works, many of which prominently feature gunpowder, emphasize the cosmic laws of opposition between creation and destruction, yin and yang.
Ex: If Anderson was short of food, he was also short of powder and fuses.* barril de pólvora = tinder box, powder keg.* como la pólvora = like wildfire.* como un reguero de pólvora = like wildfire.* extenderse como un reguero de pólvora = spread like + wildfire.* propagarse como un reguero de pólvora = spread like + wildfire.* * *1 (explosivo) gunpowderarder como la pólvora to go up like a torchgastar pólvora en salvas or ( RPl) en chimangos or ( Andes) en gallinazos ( fam); to waste one's energyinventar la pólvora ( fam): es útil, pero no se puede decir que haya inventado la pólvora it's useful but not exactly earth-shattering ( colloq)2 (fuegos artificiales) fireworks (pl)Compuestos:guncotton● pólvora detonante or fulminantefulminating mercury, mercury fulminate* * *
pólvora sustantivo femenino
pólvora sustantivo femenino gunpowder
' pólvora' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
reguero
- barril
English:
fire
- gunpowder
- gun
- sweep
- wild
* * *pólvora nf1. [sustancia explosiva] gunpowder;correr como la pólvora to spread like wildfire;Faminventar la pólvora: me parece que has inventado la pólvora that's not exactly news;Famno ha inventado la pólvora [es tonto] he's no genius2. [fuegos artificiales] fireworks* * *f gunpowder;no ha inventado la pólvora he’ll never set the world on fire;gastar la pólvora en salvas fig waste one’s energy* * *pólvora nf1) : gunpowder2) : fireworks pl* * *pólvora n gunpowder -
11 пороховой
(gun)powder (attr)порохово́й заво́д — gunpowder works, powder mill
порохово́й по́греб — powder magazine [-'ziːn]
••порохова́я бо́чка — powder keg
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12 завод
ЗАВОД (ФАБРИКА)Существительному завод соответствуют английские factory, plant, mill и works. Factory часто переводится словом фабрика и обычно обозначает предприятие, дающее продукцию легкой промышленности: мебельная фабрика – furniture factory, текстильная фабрика – textile factory, обувная фабрика – shoe factory. Plant имеет в виду центр машинного механизированного производства изделий тяжелой промышленности: машиностроительный завод – machine-building plant, автомобильный завод – automobile plant. Mill – обычно предприятие легкой (реже тяжелой) обрабатывающей промышленности: лесопильный завод – saw mill, пороховой завод – powder mill, шелкопрядильная фабрика – silk mill, бумагопрядильня – cotton mill, прокатный стан – rolling mill. Works – широкоупотребительное слово, главным образом для обозначения предприятия тяжелой промышленности, часто взаимозаменяется с plant: газовый завод – gas works и gas plant, сталелитейный завод – steel works, кирпичный завод – brick works, военный завод – munition works, авиационный завод – aviation works. См. также [ref dict="Difficulties (En-Ru)"]works[/ref]Трудности английского языка (лексический справочник). Русско-английский словарь > завод
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13 фабрика
ЗАВОД (ФАБРИКА)Существительному завод соответствуют английские factory, plant, mill и works. Factory часто переводится словом фабрика и обычно обозначает предприятие, дающее продукцию легкой промышленности: мебельная фабрика – furniture factory, текстильная фабрика – textile factory, обувная фабрика – shoe factory. Plant имеет в виду центр машинного механизированного производства изделий тяжелой промышленности: машиностроительный завод – machine-building plant, автомобильный завод – automobile plant. Mill – обычно предприятие легкой (реже тяжелой) обрабатывающей промышленности: лесопильный завод – saw mill, пороховой завод – powder mill, шелкопрядильная фабрика – silk mill, бумагопрядильня – cotton mill, прокатный стан – rolling mill. Works – широкоупотребительное слово, главным образом для обозначения предприятия тяжелой промышленности, часто взаимозаменяется с plant: газовый завод – gas works и gas plant, сталелитейный завод – steel works, кирпичный завод – brick works, военный завод – munition works, авиационный завод – aviation works. См. также [ref dict="Difficulties (En-Ru)"]works[/ref]Трудности английского языка (лексический справочник). Русско-английский словарь > фабрика
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14 Macintosh, Charles
[br]b. 29 December 1766 Glasgow, Scotlandd. 25 July 1843 Dunchattan, near Glasgow, Scotland[br]Scottish inventor of rubberized waterproof clothing.[br]As the son of the well-known and inventive dyer George Macintosh, Charles had an early interest in chemistry. At the age of 19 he gave up his work as a clerk with a Glasgow merchant to manufacture sal ammoniac (ammonium chloride) and developed new processes in dyeing. In 1797 he started the first Scottish alum works, finding the alum in waste shale from coal mines. His first works was at Hurlet, Renfrewshire, and was followed later by others. He then formed a partnership with Charles Tennant, the proprietor of a chemical works at St Rollox, near Glasgow, and sold "lime bleaching liquor" made with chlorine and milk of lime from their bleach works at Darnley. A year later the use of dry lime to make bleaching powder, a process worked out by Macintosh, was patented. Macintosh remained associated with Tennant's St Rollox chemical works until 1814. During this time, in 1809, he had set up a yeast factory, but it failed because of opposition from the London brewers.There was a steady demand for the ammonia that gas works produced, but the tar was often looked upon as an inconvenient waste product. Macintosh bought all the ammonia and tar that the Glasgow works produced, using the ammonia in his establishment to produce cudbear, a dyestuff extracted from various lichens. Cudbear could be used with appropriate mordants to make shades from pink to blue. The tar could be distilled to produce naphtha, which was used as a flare. Macintosh also became interested in ironmaking. In 1825 he took out a patent for converting malleable iron into steel by taking it to white heat in a current of gas with a carbon content, such as coal gas. However, the process was not commercially successful because of the difficulty keeping the furnace gas-tight. In 1828 he assisted J.B. Neilson in bringing hot blast into use in blast furnaces; Neilson assigned Macintosh a share in the patent, which was of dubious benefit as it involved him in the tortuous litigation that surrounded the patent until 1843.In June 1823, as a result of experiments into the possible uses of naphtha obtained as a by-product of the distillation of coal tar, Macintosh patented his process for waterproofing fabric. This comprised dissolving rubber in naphtha and applying the solution to two pieces of cloth which were afterwards pressed together to form an impermeable compound fabric. After an experimental period in Glasgow, Macintosh commenced manufacture in Manchester, where he formed a partnership with H.H.Birley, B.Kirk and R.W.Barton. Birley was a cotton spinner and weaver and was looking for ways to extend the output of his cloth. He was amongst the first to light his mills with gas, so he shared a common interest with Macintosh.New buildings were erected for the production of waterproof cloth in 1824–5, but there were considerable teething troubles with the process, particularly in the spreading of the rubber solution onto the cloth. Peter Ewart helped to install the machinery, including a steam engine supplied by Boulton \& Watt, and the naphtha was supplied from Macintosh's works in Glasgow. It seems that the process was still giving difficulties when Thomas Hancock, the foremost rubber technologist of that time, became involved in 1830 and was made a partner in 1834. By 1836 the waterproof coat was being called a "mackintosh" [sic] and was gaining such popularity that the Manchester business was expanded with additional premises. Macintosh's business was gradually enlarged to include many other kinds of indiarubber products, such as rubber shoes and cushions.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1823.Further ReadingG.Macintosh, 1847, Memoir of Charles Macintosh, London (the fullest account of Charles Macintosh's life).T.Hancock, 1957, Narrative of the Indiarubber Manufacture, London.H.Schurer, 1953, "The macintosh: the paternity of an invention", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 28:77–87 (an account of the invention of the mackintosh).RLH / LRD -
15 Sand
m; -(e)s, kein Pl. sand; der Strand hat feinen, weißen Sand the beach has fine white sand; im Sand buddeln dig in the sand; im Sand stecken bleiben get stuck in the sand; auf Sand laufen NAUT. run aground; auf Sand gebaut haben fig. have built on sand ( oder shaky foundations); jemandem Sand in die Augen streuen fig. throw dust in s.o.’s eyes; Sand ins Getriebe streuen fig. throw ( oder put) a spanner (Am. monkey wrench) in the works; etw. in den Sand setzen umg. muff (up) ( oder bungle) s.th.; im Sande verlaufen come to nothing (naught lit.); Pläne etc.: auch fizzle out umg.; ... wie Sand am Meer countless...,... beyond number; Antiquitäten gab es wie Sand am Meer auch there were no end of antiques; Kopf* * *der Sandsand* * *Sạnd [zant]m -(e)s, -e[-də] sand; (= Scheuersand) scouring powdermit Sand bestreuen — to sand
auf Sand laufen or geraten — to run aground
jdm Sand in die Augen streuen (fig) — to throw dust (Brit) or dirt (US) in sb's eyes
Sand ins Getriebe streuen — to throw a spanner in the works (Brit), to throw a (monkey) wrench into the works (US)
im Sande verlaufen (inf) — to peter out, to come to naught or nothing
etw in den Sand setzen (inf, Projekt, Prüfung) — to blow sth (inf); Geld to squander sth
* * *der1) (a large amount of tiny particles of crushed rocks, shells etc, found on beaches etc.) sand2) (an area of sand, especially on a beach: We lay on the sand.) sand* * *<-[e]s, -e>[zant]m sand no pl▶ jdm \Sand in die Augen streuen to throw dust in sb's eyes▶ auf \Sand gebaut sein to be built [up]on sandy ground▶ \Sand ins Getriebe streuen to put a spanner [or wrench] in the works▶ das/die gibt es wie \Sand am Meer (fam) there are heaps of them fam, they are thick on the ground fam* * *der; Sand[e]s sand... gibt es wie Sand am Meer — (ugs.) there are countless...;... are pretty thick on the ground (coll.)
da ist Sand im Getriebe — (fig. ugs.) there's something gumming up the works (coll.)
jemandem Sand in die Augen streuen — (fig.) pull the wool over somebody's eyes
im Sand[e] verlaufen — (fig. ugs.) come to nothing
etwas [total] in den Sand setzen — (fig. ugs.) make a [complete] mess of something
* * *der Strand hat feinen, weißen Sand the beach has fine white sand;im Sand buddeln dig in the sand;im Sand stecken bleiben get stuck in the sand;auf Sand laufen SCHIFF run aground;jemandem Sand in die Augen streuen fig throw dust in sb’s eyes;… wie Sand am Meer countless …, … beyond number;* * *der; Sand[e]s sand... gibt es wie Sand am Meer — (ugs.) there are countless...;... are pretty thick on the ground (coll.)
da ist Sand im Getriebe — (fig. ugs.) there's something gumming up the works (coll.)
jemandem Sand in die Augen streuen — (fig.) pull the wool over somebody's eyes
im Sand[e] verlaufen — (fig. ugs.) come to nothing
etwas [total] in den Sand setzen — (fig. ugs.) make a [complete] mess of something
* * *nur sing. m.sand n. -
16 revestimiento
m.1 covering (por fuera).2 coating, covering, cladding, liner.3 investing, investment.4 casing.5 cuffing.* * *1 covering, coating* * *noun m.covering, lining* * *SM (Téc) coating, covering; (=forro) lining; [de carretera] surface; (Mil) revetment* * ** * *= coat, coating, housing, overlay, veneer, cladding, revetment, lining, casing, layer.Ex. We will not accomplish that by being timid or by giving our profession a fresh coat of paint.Ex. A thesaurus might advise the searcher that the following alternative terms might prove fruitful: coating and other more specific terms, e.g. Printing works.Ex. For certain categories of material, the physical carrier consists of a storage medium (e.g., tape, film) sometimes encased in plastic, metal, etc., housing (e.g. cassette, cartridge) that is an integral part of the item.Ex. The pressmen therefore patched the tympan with overlays of tissue paper wherever the type was low, a process that could take hours for a really uneven forme.Ex. The table is made of rosewood veneer and porcelain marquetry.Ex. The rest of the fibre is cladding and filling, to aid transmission and provide protection for the core.Ex. Concrete has been widely used in the remodelling of irrigation channels -- for bottom lining and slope revetment.Ex. The conference brought together the disciplines of painting, paper and textile conservation and covered their approaches and problems with regard to lining.Ex. They can also provide casings in steel or aluminium, powder coated to a colour of your choice.Ex. While the layer of pulp was on this wire, the water drained away and the wire was given a sideways shake.----* revestimiento con paneles de madera = wainscoting [wainscotting].* revestimiento de paredes con paneles de madera = wood panelling.* revestimiento de paredes con paneles de madera de roble = oak panelling.* revestimiento para suelos = flooring.* * ** * *= coat, coating, housing, overlay, veneer, cladding, revetment, lining, casing, layer.Ex: We will not accomplish that by being timid or by giving our profession a fresh coat of paint.
Ex: A thesaurus might advise the searcher that the following alternative terms might prove fruitful: coating and other more specific terms, e.g. Printing works.Ex: For certain categories of material, the physical carrier consists of a storage medium (e.g., tape, film) sometimes encased in plastic, metal, etc., housing (e.g. cassette, cartridge) that is an integral part of the item.Ex: The pressmen therefore patched the tympan with overlays of tissue paper wherever the type was low, a process that could take hours for a really uneven forme.Ex: The table is made of rosewood veneer and porcelain marquetry.Ex: The rest of the fibre is cladding and filling, to aid transmission and provide protection for the core.Ex: Concrete has been widely used in the remodelling of irrigation channels -- for bottom lining and slope revetment.Ex: The conference brought together the disciplines of painting, paper and textile conservation and covered their approaches and problems with regard to lining.Ex: They can also provide casings in steel or aluminium, powder coated to a colour of your choice.Ex: While the layer of pulp was on this wire, the water drained away and the wire was given a sideways shake.* revestimiento con paneles de madera = wainscoting [wainscotting].* revestimiento de paredes con paneles de madera = wood panelling.* revestimiento de paredes con paneles de madera de roble = oak panelling.* revestimiento para suelos = flooring.* * *la pared tiene un revestimiento de madera the wall has wooden panelingesta sartén tiene un revestimiento antiadherente this frying pan has a nonstick surfaceun revestimiento aislante a layer of insulating material* * *
revestimiento sustantivo masculino
1 covering, coating
2 (de un cable) sheathing
3 (de madera) (wooden) panelling
4 (de azulejos) tiling
' revestimiento' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
cobertura
- exterior
- interior
English:
overlay
- paneling
- panelling
- flooring
- shield
* * *[por fuera] covering; [por dentro] lining; [con pintura] coating revestimiento de fachadas facing* * *m TÉC covering* * *: covering, facing (of a building) -
17 poil
poil [pwal]1. masculine nouna. [de personne, animal] hair ; ( = pelage) coat• sans poils [poitrine, bras] hairless• animal à poil court/long short-haired/long-haired animal► à poil (inf!) ( = nu) stark nakedb. [de brosse à dents, pinceau] bristle ; [de tapis, étoffe] strand• il n'y a pas un poil de différence entre les deux there isn't the slightest difference between the two• être de bon/de mauvais poil (inf) to be in a good/bad mood• au (quart de) poil (inf) ( = magnifique) great (inf) ; ( = précisément) [réglé, convenir] perfectly2. compounds* * *pwalnom masculin1) ( chez l'être humain) hairavoir du poil au menton — ( être adulte) to be a grown man
à poil — (sl) (nu) stark naked, starkers (colloq)
se mettre à poil — (colloq) to strip, to strip off GB
de tout poil — (colloq) of all kinds
‘au (petit) poil (colloq)!’ — ‘fine!’
être au poil — (colloq) [objet] to be just the ticket (colloq); [personne] to be fantastic
ça marche au poil — (colloq) it works like a dream
2) (colloq) ( cheveux)avoir le poil ras/rare — to have short/thin hair
3) ( d'animal) hairperdre ses poils — to moult GB ou molt US, to shed (its) hairs
caresser dans le sens du poil — lit to stroke [something] the way the fur lies; fig to butter [somebody] up (colloq)
4) Botanique hair, down [U]5) (colloq) ( petite quantité) (d'humour, ironie) touch; (d'intelligence, de bon sens, courage) shredun poil plus grand/trop petit — a shade larger/too small
•Phrasal Verbs:••être de bon/mauvais poil — (colloq) to be in a good/bad mood
j'ai le poil qui se hérisse — (colloq) my hackles rise
hérisser le poil (colloq) de quelqu'un — to put somebody's back up (colloq)
avoir un poil dans la main — (colloq) to be bone idle
ne plus avoir un poil sur le caillou — (colloq) to be as bald as a coot (colloq)
ne plus avoir un poil de sec — (colloq) to be soaked to the skin
tomber sur le poil de quelqu'un — (colloq) ( se fâcher contre) to have a real go at somebody (colloq); ( frapper) to give somebody what's coming to him/her
* * *pwal nm1) ANATOMIE hairIl y a des poils de chat partout sur la moquette. — There are cat hairs all over the carpet.
avoir du poil sur la poitrine — to have hair on one's chest, to have a hairy chest
2) (= pelage) coatTon chien a un beau poil. — Your dog's got a nice coat.
3) [pinceau, brosse] bristle4) [tapis, tissu] strand5) (locutions)au poil * — hunky-dory *
* * *poil nm1 ( chez l'être humain) hair; poils superflus unwanted hair; arracher les poils (blancs) de sa barbe to pull the (white) hairs out of one's beard; avoir le poil blond○ to have blond hair; avoir du poil aux jambes to have hairy legs; avoir du poil au menton lit to have a hairy chin; ( être adulte) to be a grown man; à poil◑ (nu) stark naked, starkers○; se mettre à poil○ to strip, to strip off GB; ‘à poil!’ ‘get your clothes off!’; de tout poil○ of all kinds; ‘au (petit) poil○!’ ‘fine!’; être au poil○ [objet] to be just the ticket○; [personne] to be fantastic; ça marche au poil○ it works like a dream; arriver or tomber au (quart de) poil○ to arrive at just the right moment; travailler au poil○ to be a great worker; démarrer au quart de poil○ to start straight away; ne plus avoir un poil de sec○ to be soaked to the skin;2 ○( cheveux) avoir le poil long/ras/rare to have long/short/thin hair; homme au poil ras short-haired man; homme au poil rare balding man;3 ( d'animal) hair; il y a des poils de chien sur le fauteuil there are dog hairs on the armchair; perdre ses poils to moult GB ou molt US, to shed (its) hairs; manteau en poil de chameau camel hair coat; animal à poils furry animal; avoir le poil long/court to have long/short hair; animal à poil ras/long short-/long-haired animal; animal au poil soyeux/gris animal with a silky/grey coat; caresser dans le sens du poil lit to stroke [ sb/sth] the way the fur lies; fig to butter [sb] up○;4 Bot hair, down ¢;5 ○( petite quantité) (d'humour, ironie) touch; (de bon sens, d'intelligence, de courage) shred; un poil plus grand/trop petit a shade larger/too small; à un poil près by a whisker; il s'en est fallu d'un poil que je fasse I was within a whisker of doing; il s'en est fallu d'un poil que la balle me touche the bullet missed me by a whisker;poil à gratter itching powder; poils tactiles vibrissae.être de bon/mauvais poil○ to be in a good/bad mood; j'ai le poil qui se hérisse○ my hackles rise; hérisser le poil○ de qn to put sb's back up○; avoir un poil dans la main○ to be bone idle; ne plus avoir un poil sur le caillou○ to be as bald as a coot○; tomber sur le poil de qn○ ( se fâcher contre) to have a real go at sb○; ( frapper) to give sb what's coming to him/her.[pwal] nom masculina. (familier) [guérir] to perk up againb. [reprendre des forces] to regain some strength for a fresh onslaught2. (familier) [infime quantité]manquer son train d'un poil ou à un poil près to miss one's train by a hair's breadth ou a whiskerchien à poil ras/long smooth-haired/long-haired dog4. [d'une brosse] bristle[d'un tapis] pile[d'un pull angora] down————————à poil (familier) locution adjectivalestark naked, starkers————————à poil (familier) locution adverbiale————————au poil (familier) locution adjectivaletu peux venir samedi, au poil! you can come on Saturday, great!————————au poil (familier) locution adverbialeau petit poil locution adverbiale,au quart de poil locution adverbiale————————de tout poil locution adjectivale(familier & humoristique) of all kinds -
18 Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent
SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology[br]b. 26 August 1743 Paris, Franced. 8 May 1794 Paris, France[br]French founder of the modern science of chemistry.[br]As well as receiving a formal education in law and literature, Lavoisier studied science under some of the leading figures of the day. This proved to be an ideal formation of the man in whom "man of science" and "public servant" were so intimately combined. His early work towards the first geological map of France and on the water supply of Paris helped to win him election to the Royal Academy of Sciences in 1768 at the youthful age of 25. In the same year he used some of his private income to buy a part-share in the "tax farm", a private company which leased from the Government the right to collect certain indirect taxes.In 1772 Lavoisier began his researches into the related phenomena of combustion, respiration and the calcination or oxidation of metals. This culminated in the early 1780s in the overthrow of the prevailing theory, based on an imponderable combustion principle called "phlogiston", and the substitution of the modern explanation of these processes. At the same time, understanding of the nature of acids, bases and salts was placed on a sounder footing. More important, Lavoisier defined a chemical element in its modern sense and showed how it should be applied by drawing up the first modern list of the chemical elements. With the revolution in chemistry initiated by Lavoisier, chemists could begin to understand correctly the fundamental processes of their science. This understanding was the foundationo of the astonishing advance in scientific and industrial chemistry that has taken place since then. As an academician, Lavoisier was paid by the Government to carry out investigations into a wide variety of practical questions with a chemical bias, such as the manufacture of starch and the distillation of phosphorus. In 1775 Louis XVI ordered the setting up of the Gunpowder Commission to improve the supply and quality of gunpowder, deficiencies in which had hampered France's war efforts. Lavoisier was a member of the Commission and, as usual, took the leading part, drawing up its report and supervising its implementation. As a result, the industry became profitable, output increased so that France could even export powder, and the range of the powder increased by two-thirds. This was a material factor in France's war effort in the Revolution and the Napoleonic wars.As if his chemical researches and official duties were not enough, Lavoisier began to apply his scientific principles to agriculture when he purchased an estate at Frechines, near Blois. After ten years' work on his experimental farm there, Lavoisier was able to describe his results in the memoir "Results of some agricultural experiments and reflections on their relation to political economy" (Paris, 1788), which holds historic importance in agriculture and economics. In spite of his services to the nation and to humanity, his association with the tax farm was to have tragic consequences: during the reign of terror in 1794 the Revolutionaries consigned to the guillotine all the tax farmers, including Lavoisier.[br]Bibliography1862–93, Oeuvres de Lavoisier, Vols I–IV, ed. J.B.A.Dumas; Vols V–VI, ed. E.Grimaux, Paris (Lavoisier's collected works).Further ReadingD.I.Duveen and H.S.Klickstein, 1954, A Bibliography of the Works of Antoine Laurent Lavoisier 1743–1794, London: William Dawson (contains valuable biographical material).D.McKie, 1952, Antoine Lavoisier, Scientist, Economist, Social Reformer, London: Constable (the best modern, general biography).H.Guerlac, 1975, Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, Chemist and Revolutionary, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons (a more recent work).LRDBiographical history of technology > Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent
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19 пороховой
(gun)powder (attr.)пороховой завод — gunpowder works, powder-mill
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20 пороховий
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